Easy2Siksha.com
GNDU Queson Paper 2024
B.A./B.Sc. 5th Semester
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Time Allowed 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 60
Note: - Aempt FIVE quesons in all, selecng at least ONE queson from each secon.
The h queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Meaning of recreaon. Explain am and objecve of recreaon in detail.
2. Write down about principles and importance of recreaon.
SECTION-B
3. Dene lever and equilibrium. Explain types and laws of equilibrium.
4. Explain meaning of centre of gravity and force. Write down about the types of force.
SECTION-C
5. Write down the denion of posture. Explain types of posture in detail.
6. Explain the causes and correcve exercise of spinal foot and knock knees in detail.
Easy2Siksha.com
SECTION-D
7. Write down the meaning of load. Explain types of load in detail.
8. Write down the aim of sports training. Explain principles of sports training.
GNDU Answer Paper 2024
B.A./B.Sc. 5th Semester
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Time Allowed 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 60
Note: - Aempt FIVE quesons in all, selecng at least ONE queson from each secon.
The h queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Meaning of recreaon. Explain am and objecve of recreaon in detail.
Ans: Meaning of Recreaon
Recreaon is any acvity we do for enjoyment, relaxaon, or fun during our free me.
Unlike work or chores, recreaon is self-chosen and self-directed. It restores our energy,
refreshes our mind, and brings joy to our life. For example, imagine Aarav, a busy college
student who spends most of his day aending lectures and studying. Every evening, he
gathers with friends for a 30-minute game of basketball. That short break helps him forget
about exams, laugh with teammates, and return to his books feeling more focused. That’s
recreaon at work!
At its core, recreaon:
1. Relieves stress. It shis our aenon away from worries.
2. Revitalizes energy. Aer a hobby or game, we oen feel more alert.
3. Fosters happiness. Pleasure acvies release endorphins—the brain’s “feel-good”
chemicals.
Easy2Siksha.com
A quick fact: According to the World Health Organizaon, adults need at least 150 minutes
of moderate-intensity physical acvity per week—and much of this can come through
recreaonal sports and dance classes. In fact, people who regularly engage in recreaonal
acvies report up to 30% lower levels of stress and 25% higher life sasfacon compared to
those who rarely take such breaks.
Aim of Recreaon
An “aim” is a broad, general intenon or purpose. The aims of recreaon describe why we
include recreaonal acvies in our lives, both individually and within communies. Here
are the ve main aims:
1. Physical Well-Being
o Why? Our bodies are designed to move. Sing or standing for long hours
leads to fague and health problems.
o How recreaon helps: Acvies like swimming, cycling, or even brisk walking
strengthen muscles, improve heart health, and boost stamina.
o Example: Priya, a 16-year-old, felt constantly red unl she joined her
school’s dance club. Two months later, she noced she could climb stairs
without geng winded—a clear sign her cardiovascular tness improved.
2. Mental and Emoonal Health
o Why? Stress, anxiety, and burnout aect our mood and thinking.
o How recreaon helps: Fun acvies—painng, playing music, or gardening—
act like “mental vacaons,” lowering stress hormones (corsol) and increasing
endorphins.
o Example Story: Rahul, an engineering student, began feeling overwhelmed by
assignment deadlines. He decided to spend Saturday mornings painng
landscapes. Over me, those two hours of creavity helped him sleep beer
and approach projects with a calmer mind.
3. Social Interacon and Community Building
o Why? Humans are social beings who thrive on connecon.
o How recreaon helps: Team sports, clubs, hobby classes, and fesvals bring
people together, foster friendships, and build trust.
o Simple Fact: A naonal survey found that 70% of people who parcipate in
weekly group acvies (like sports teams or book clubs) report a stronger
sense of belonging in their neighborhood.
4. Personal Growth and Skill Development
Easy2Siksha.com
o Why? Recreaon isn’t just play; it can teach new skills and boost
self-condence.
o How recreaon helps: Learning guitar, trying a new sport, or mastering a
recipe gives a sense of achievement and keeps the mind sharp.
o Example: Maya, who always felt shy, joined a drama workshop. Through
acng exercises, she improved her communicaon skills and now leads
presentaons in class without fear.
5. Cultural Appreciaon and Creavity
o Why? Experiencing art, music, dance, and cultural fesvals enriches our
understanding of the world.
o How recreaon helps: Vising a folk dance performance, aending a local
fair, or making tradional cras connects us to our heritage and sparks
creavity.
o Data Point: Cultural engagement has been linked to a 15% increase in
creave problem-solving skills among students.
Objecves of Recreaon
While aims describe the broad purposes, objecves are specic, measurable goals we set for
recreaon programs—especially in schools, community centers, and clubs. Here are key
objecves:
1. Improve Physical Fitness
o Objecve: Increase parcipants’ cardiovascular endurance by 20% over six
months through regular jogging, aerobics, or sports.
o Measure: Pre- and post-program tness tests (e.g., med mile run).
2. Enhance Mental Well-Being
o Objecve: Reduce reported stress levels by 30% among group members
within three months by incorporang mindfulness walks and art therapy
sessions.
o Measure: Surveys using a simple stress scale (1 = very low stress; 5 = very
high stress).
3. Foster Social Skills and Teamwork
o Objecve: Encourage collaboraon by having teams plan and execute a small
community project (like a neighborhood cleanup) twice a year.
o Measure: Parcipant feedback on team experience and number of successful
projects completed.
Easy2Siksha.com
4. Develop Lifelong Hobbies
o Objecve: Expose members to at least ve dierent hobbies each year (e.g.,
chess, photography, carpentry, dancing, cooking).
o Measure: Aendance records and follow-up surveys on connued
parcipaon.
5. Promote Cultural Awareness
o Objecve: Organize quarterly cultural exchange events where community
members share food, music, or stories from their tradions.
o Measure: Event aendance and diversity of cultural presentaons.
6. Encourage Healthy Compeon
o Objecve: Host two intra-club sports tournaments per year to teach fair play,
resilience in defeat, and humility in victory.
o Measure: Number of parcipants and post-event surveys on sportsmanship.
7. Support Environmental Stewardship
o Objecve: Include an outdoor recreaon objecve—such as hiking or bird
watching—to help parcipants appreciate nature and commit to
environmental protecon.
o Measure: Number of outdoor events and pledges signed for eco-friendly
acons.
A Day in the Life: A Story Example
Let’s walk through a “recreaon day” at Greeneld College:
• 8:00 AM: Students gather for a morning yoga session in the garden. This fullls the
objecve of mental well-being and physical tness.
• 10:00 AM: A photography workshop begins, teaching basic camera skills—meeng
the personal growth objecve.
• 12:00 PM: Over lunch, internaonal students host a cultural food fesval, promong
cultural awareness.
• 2:00 PM: A ve-kilometer fun run takes place around campus—aimed at improving
cardiovascular health.
• 4:00 PM: Teams assemble for a green campus project, planng saplings—tying in
environmental stewardship.
• 6:00 PM: Aer freshening up, students head to the stadium for a basketball
tournament, achieving social interacon and healthy compeon objecves.
Easy2Siksha.com
By the end of the day, students have been physically acve, socially engaged, culturally
enriched, and mentally refreshed.
Some Facts & Data
• Stress Reducon: People who parcipate in regular leisure acvies have 32% lower
work-related stress levels.
• Health Benets: According to a global WHO report, one hour of moderate recreaon
acvity can burn up to 300 calories, reducing obesity risk.
• Longevity: A long-term study found that adults who engage in hobbies live, on
average, ve years longer than those who do not.
• Academic Performance: Students involved in extracurricular recreaon clubs score
10–15% higher on exams, thanks to beer focus and me management.
Conclusion
Recreaon is much more than idle fun—it’s an essenal part of a balanced life. By
understanding its meaning, embracing its broad aims, and seng clear objecves, we can:
• Recharge our bodies and minds,
• Build stronger communies,
• Discover new passions, and
• Live happier, healthier lives.
2. Write down about principles and importance of recreaon.
Ans: 󷉸󷉹󷉺 Introducon
Recreaon is something we all enjoy — playing games, watching movies, dancing, going on
trips, or even just relaxing in a park. But have you ever wondered why recreaon is
important and what principles make it eecve?
In this answer, we’ll understand:
• What recreaon means
• The principles that guide it
• Its importance in our lives
• Real-life examples, facts, and even a story-style explanaon
Easy2Siksha.com
󼨻󼨼 What is Recreaon?
In simple words, recreaon means any acvity that refreshes our body and mind.
It is something we do for fun, relaxaon, enjoyment, or refreshment in our free me.
󼏨󼏩󼏪󼏫󼏬󷸓󼏭󼏮󷸕󼏯󷸖󼏰󼏱󼏲󼏳󼏴 Example:
Think of a student named Aman.
He studies hard from morning to evening. By evening, he feels red and bored. Then he goes
out to play cricket with friends, or watches a funny video. Aer that, he feels fresh and
energec again.
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 That is the power of recreaon!
󽅡 Principles of Recreaon
To make recreaonal acvies truly eecve and meaningful, certain principles should be
followed. Let's break them down simply.
1. Voluntary Parcipaon
• Recreaon should be done by choice, not force.
• People should enjoy it, not feel forced into it.
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 Example: A school picnic should not be forced. Students should go willingly.
2. Enjoyment and Fun
• The main aim of recreaon is to bring joy and happiness.
• It should reduce stress and bring smiles.
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 Example: Listening to your favorite song aer a long day gives joy — that’s recreaonal
fun.
3. Based on Interest
• Acvies should match the interest and age of the person.
• A child may enjoy cartoons, while an adult may prefer a nature walk.
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 Example: A 10-year-old might enjoy a puppet show, but not yoga.
4. Construcve Use of Time
• Recreaon should not be about wasng me but using it in a healthy, posive way.
Easy2Siksha.com
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 Example: Playing outdoor games improves health; scrolling endlessly on social media
may not.
5. Promotes Social Interacon
• Good recreaon brings people closer — family, friends, classmates.
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 Example: Group dancing, team sports, or going on a school trip help students bond.
6. Should be Refreshing
• It should help recharge your energy.
• Aer recreaon, you should feel more acve, not red.
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 Example: A light jog or painng session relaxes your mind and energizes your body.
7. Should be Safe and Healthy
• Acvies should not cause harm or stress.
• Safety, cleanliness, and good atmosphere are important.
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 Example: Playing in a clean playground is safe and fun. Playing near a busy road is not
safe.
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨 Importance of Recreaon
Now let’s understand why recreaon is important — especially in today’s busy and stressful
world.
1. 󼨐󼨑󼨒 Improves Mental Health
Recreaon reduces stress, anxiety, and depression.
It helps the brain relax and improves mood.
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫 Fact: According to WHO, around 1 in 7 people worldwide suer from mental health
issues — many can benet from simple recreaonal habits like walking, painng, or music.
2. 󹱊󹱋󹱌󹱍󹱎 Boosts Physical Health
Acvies like cycling, swimming, yoga, or games improve:
Easy2Siksha.com
• Heart health
• Muscle strength
• Body exibility
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 Example: Students who play regularly oen feel more energec and fall sick less.
3. 󷕘󷕙󷕚 Improves Academic Performance
Recreaon increases concentraon, memory, and creavity.
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 Story:
A girl named Riya used to study all the me but kept geng red and forgeul. Her teacher
advised her to go for a 30-minute walk every evening.
Aer a week, her memory improved, and she felt more focused in class.
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 Recreaon helped her mind stay sharp.
4. 󷺚󷺛󷺜󷺝󷺞󷺟󷺠󷺡󷺢󷺣󷺤󸞞󸞟󸞠󸞡󸞢󸞣󸞤󸞥󸞦󸞧󸞨󸞩󷹔󷹕󷹖󷹗󷸢󷸣󷸤󷸥󷸦󷸧󷸨 󷸞󷸟󷸠󷸡󷸢󷸣󷸤󷸥󷸦󷸧󷸨 Strengthens Social Bonds
Group recreaon like trips, group games, drama, or cultural events builds:
• Team spirit
• Communicaon skills
• Friendships
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 Example: A school cricket team not only plays but learns to trust each other and work as
one unit.
5. 󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷 Encourages Creavity
Acvies like:
• Drawing
• Story wring
• Dancing
• Acng
...help students explore new talents and creave sides.
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫 Fact: Studies show children who engage in creave recreaonal acvies score beer
in overall development (emoonal, social, academic).
Easy2Siksha.com
6. 󷉃󷉄 Provides Emoonal Balance
Recreaon helps people express emoons like:
• Joy (through dance)
• Anger (through sports)
• Sadness (through music or wring)
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 Example: Aer a bad day, drawing or singing helps people feel beer.
7. 󷃆󹸊󹸋 Breaks Roune & Refreshes Life
Without recreaon, life becomes dull and roboc. Recreaon adds color and excitement.
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 Story:
Imagine Ravi, who works in an oce from 9 to 6. Every Saturday, he goes hiking. That one
day of recreaon gives him strength to work the rest of the week.
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 It’s like pressing a reset buon.
8. 󹲟󹲠󹲡󹲢 Builds Leadership and Life Skills
Group acvies teach:
• Leadership
• Responsibility
• Time management
• Decision making
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 Example: Organizing a cultural event at school teaches a student how to lead and
manage me.
9. 󷆯󷆮 Promotes Community and Culture
Fesvals, folk dances, and local games are forms of recreaon that help:
• Preserve culture
• Promote unity
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 Example: Bhangra in Punjab or Garba in Gujarat brings communies together.
󷃆󼽢 Conclusion
Easy2Siksha.com
Recreaon is not just fun — it is essenal for a healthy and happy life.
Whether you're a student, teacher, parent, or worker, recreaon gives your body and brain
the rest and recharge they need.
By following its principles (like safety, interest-based, and joyful acvies) and understanding
its importance (mental, physical, social, and emoonal health), we can all lead beer lives.
SECTION-B
3. Dene lever and equilibrium. Explain types and laws of equilibrium.
Ans:󼨐󼨑󼨒 Introducon with a Short Story
Let’s begin with a short story to make it easier to understand:
Imagine a girl named Anaya. One day, she saw her grandfather trying to li a big stone from
the garden. He was struggling, so Anaya picked up a long sck and put a small brick under it
like a support in the middle. She told her grandfather, “Try again using this sck!” And guess
what? The stone lied easily!
Her grandfather smiled and said, “That sck is acng like a lever, and the brick is the
fulcrum!”
So, what Anaya used was science in daily life, and today we’ll learn exactly that — what is a
lever, what is equilibrium, and how they work.
󹺊 What is a Lever?
A lever is a simple machine that helps us li or move heavy objects with less eort.
Denion:
A lever is a rigid bar (like a sck, rod, or handle) that rotates around a xed point called a
fulcrum. It is used to mulply force to move heavy loads.
󷃆󹸃󹸄 3 Main Parts of a Lever:
1. Fulcrum – The xed point where the lever turns (like the brick Anaya used).
2. Eort – The force you apply (Anaya pressing the sck).
3. Load – The object you want to move or li (the big stone).
󼩣󼩤󼩥󼩦󼩧󼩨󼩩 Types of Levers (with Examples and Story)
There are 3 types of levers based on the posion of the fulcrum, load, and eort.
Easy2Siksha.com
󹻂 1. First-Class Lever
Fulcrum is in the middle, Load and Eort are on either side.
Example: A seesaw in a park
Story: Anaya and her friend play on a seesaw. When Anaya sits on one side and her friend on
the other, the seesaw moves up and down. The support in the middle is the fulcrum.
Other Examples:
• Scissors
• Crowbar
• Pliers
󹻂 2. Second-Class Lever
Load is in the middle, Fulcrum at one end, Eort at the other.
Example: Wheelbarrow
Story: One day Anaya helps her mother carry soil using a wheelbarrow. She pushes from one
end (eort), the wheel is at the front (fulcrum), and the soil is in the middle (load).
Other Examples:
• Nutcracker
• Door
• Bole opener
󹻂 3. Third-Class Lever
Eort is in the middle, Fulcrum at one end, Load at the other.
Example: Fishing Rod
Story: Anaya goes shing. She holds the rod at the back (fulcrum), pulls in the middle
(eort), and catches the sh at the front (load).
Other Examples:
• Tweezers
• Broom
• Human arm (elbow = fulcrum, hand = eort, object = load)
󼿍󼿎󼿑󼿒󼿏󼿓󼿐󼿔 What is Equilibrium?
Now, let's move to the second part of the queson.
Easy2Siksha.com
Denion:
Equilibrium is the state in which all forces acng on an object are balanced, and the object is
either not moving or moving at a constant speed.
󷵣󷵥󷵦󷵧󷵤 There are Two Main Types of Equilibrium:
󺭨 1. Stac Equilibrium
• When an object is at rest (not moving).
• All the forces and moments (turning forces) are balanced.
Example: A book lying on a table. It is not moving because the weight of the book
(downward force) is balanced by the upward force from the table.
󹺿 2. Dynamic Equilibrium
• When an object is moving with constant speed in a straight line.
• The forces are balanced, so there's no acceleraon.
Example: A car going straight at 60 km/h on a smooth road.
The force of the engine is balanced by air resistance and fricon.
󹴂󹴃󹴄󹴅󹴉󹴊󹴆󹴋󹴇󹴈 Laws of Equilibrium
There are two laws of equilibrium. These are used to check if an object is in balance or not.
󷃆󼽢 First Law of Equilibrium (Force Law)
“The sum of all forces acng on a body in all direcons is zero.”
This means the forces cancel each other out, so the object stays sll or moves with constant
speed.
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 In formula:
ΣF=0\Sigma F = 0ΣF=0
Example: If Anaya is holding a basket in her hand and it doesn’t fall, it means the upward
force by her hand equals the downward weight of the basket.
󷃆󼽢 Second Law of Equilibrium (Moment Law)
“The sum of all clockwise moments = sum of all anclockwise moments.”
Easy2Siksha.com
This means the turning forces on either side of the fulcrum are balanced.
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 In formula:
ΣM=0\Sigma M = 0ΣM=0
Example: On the seesaw, if Anaya and her friend have equal weight and sit at equal distance
from the center, the seesaw stays balanced — it is in equilibrium.
󷃆󹸊󹸋 Combining Lever and Equilibrium
Now you can understand how levers work on the principle of equilibrium.
In a lever:
• The eort force × its distance from fulcrum (called eort arm)
• Must equal the load force × its distance from fulcrum (called load arm)
󹴌󹴍󹴐󹴑󹴒󹴎󹴏󹴓󹴔󹴕 Formula:
Eort × Eort Arm=Load × Load Arm
This balance of forces and distances helps us li heavy objects with lile eort — just like
Anaya helped her grandfather.
󷕘󷕙󷕚 Conclusion
Let’s summarize what we learned — from a student’s point of view:
• A lever is a simple machine that makes work easier.
• A fulcrum is the xed point where the lever turns.
• Levers are of three types depending on the posion of eort, load, and fulcrum.
• Equilibrium means balance — no change in moon or posion.
• Stac equilibrium means the object is at rest.
• Dynamic equilibrium means the object moves at constant speed.
• The two laws of equilibrium help us know when forces and moments are balanced.
By using everyday examples and stories, we can understand how these scienc ideas help
us in real life — from liing stones to shing and riding a seesaw!
4. Explain meaning of centre of gravity and force. Write down about the types of force.
Ans: 󷆫󷆪 1. What is Centre of Gravity?
Easy2Siksha.com
󹻂 Simple Denion:
The Centre of Gravity (CG) is the point in a body or object where the enre weight of the
body acts.
In simple words, it's like the balance point of an object. If you try to lisomething from this
point, it stays balanced and doesn’t fall.
󼏨󼏩󼏪󼏫󼏬󷸓󼏭󼏮󷸕󼏯󷸖󼏰󼏱󼏲󼏳󼏴 Example 1: Balancing a Ruler on Your Finger
Take a scale or ruler and try to balance it on one nger. You’ll noce that there's only one
point where the ruler doesn’t fall on either side.
󷃆󼽢 That point is called the Centre of Gravity.
󼭽󼭾󼭷󼭸󼭹󼭺󼭻󼭼 Example 2: Chair and Balance
When you sit on a chair and lean too far to one side, you might fall. That happens because
your centre of gravity moves outside the base of the chair.
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 To stay safe, your CG should stay above the seat of the chair.
󹸯󹸭󹸮 More Understanding:
• In regular objects like a square, circle, or sphere — the centre of gravity is in the
geometric centre.
• In irregular objects (like a human body), the centre of gravity is not xed and can
change based on body posion.
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬 2. What is Force?
󹻂 Simple Denion:
Force is a push or a pull applied on an object.
It changes the state of moon of the object. It can make an object:
• Move
• Stop
• Change direcon
• Change shape
Easy2Siksha.com
󼏨󼏩󼏪󼏫󼏬󷸓󼏭󼏮󷸕󼏯󷸖󼏰󼏱󼏲󼏳󼏴 Example 1: Pushing a Table
If you push a table, it starts to move. That push is called a force.
󼏨󼏩󼏪󼏫󼏬󷸓󼏭󼏮󷸕󼏯󷸖󼏰󼏱󼏲󼏳󼏴 Example 2: Pulling a Door
When you pull a door to open it, you’re applying force. If you don’t apply enough force, the
door won’t move.
󼩴󼩵󼩶 Example 3: Magnet Pulling Iron Nails
A magnet aracts iron nails. That aracon is a magnec force. You are not touching it, but
a force is sll working.
󹴂󹴃󹴄󹴅󹴉󹴊󹴆󹴋󹴇󹴈 Unit of Force:
The unit of force in the SI system is Newton (N).
If you apply 1 Newton of force, you can move a small object like a rubber ball.
󼿝󼿞󼿟 3. Types of Forces (With Examples)
Now let’s learn about the dierent types of forces with simple examples.
󺭨 A. Contact Forces
These are the forces that occur when two objects touch each other.
1. Muscular Force
• The force applied by human or animal muscles.
• Example: Liing a bag, kicking a ball, pushing a bicycle.
2. Friconal Force
• This force opposes moon between two surfaces.
• Example: When you try to slide a book on the table, it stops aer some distance.
That’s due to fricon.
3. Normal Force
• This is the force given by a surface to support the weight of an object.
Easy2Siksha.com
• Example: A book lying on a table experiences a normal force from the table in the
upward direcon.
4. Tension Force
• Found in strings, ropes, or wires when pulled ght.
• Example: A bucket hanging from a rope in a well is supported by tension force in the
rope.
5. Spring Force
• The force exerted by a stretched or compressed spring.
• Example: Pressing a spring and releasing it — it comes back to shape due to spring
force.
󹺿 B. Non-Contact Forces
These are the forces that act on an object without touching it.
1. Gravitaonal Force
• The force by which the Earth pulls objects towards it.
• Example: When you drop a ball, it falls down because of gravity.
2. Magnec Force
• The force between magnets or magnec materials like iron.
• Example: A magnet aracng pins without touching them.
3. Electrostac Force
• The force between charged objects.
• Example: Rubbing a comb on dry hair and bringing it near paper — the paper gets
aracted due to electrostac force.
󼨐󼨑󼨒 Some Key Points to Remember:
Concept
Example
What Happens?
Centre of Gravity
Balancing a sck
The point where it stays balanced
Force
Pushing a car
The car starts to move
Muscular Force
Liing a chair
Human muscles apply force
Easy2Siksha.com
Fricon
Brakes on cycle
Helps to stop the cycle
Gravity
Falling apple
Earth pulls the apple down
SECTION-C
5. Write down the denion of posture. Explain types of posture in detail.
Ans: 󷃆󼽢 Denion of Posture
Posture refers to the way we hold our body while sing, standing, or moving.
It is the posion or alignment of our body parts like head, neck, spine, arms, and legs.
In simple words:
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 Posture is how we carry ourselves when we stand, sit, walk, or lie down.
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 Example:
• When we sit straight in a chair with our back upright and shoulders relaxed, we are
sing with a good posture.
• When we bend our back or slouch while sing, that’s a bad posture.
󷃆󼽢 Importance of Posture
Before we understand the types, it’s important to know why posture maers.
󹻂 Good posture:
• Keeps our bones and joints in proper posion.
• Reduces stress on muscles and ligaments.
• Prevents back and neck pain.
• Improves breathing and digeson.
• Helps in looking condent and energec.
󹻂 Bad posture:
Easy2Siksha.com
• Can cause pain in back, neck, and shoulders.
• Makes us feel red and lazy.
• Aects the shape of our body.
• Can lead to long-term health problems.
󷃆󼽢 Types of Posture (Explained in Detail with Examples)
Posture can be divided into two main types:
1. Stac Posture
2. Dynamic Posture
Let’s understand both in detail.
1. 󻧀󻧁󻧂󻧃󻧄󻧅󻧆󻧇󻧈󻩈󻩉󻧲󻧳󻧴󻧵󻧶󻧷󻧸󻧹󻩊󻩋󻩌󻧺󻧻󻧼 Stac Posture
Stac posture means the posion of the body when we are not moving.
It includes:
• Sing
• Standing
• Lying down
In simple words, stac posture is how we hold ourselves when we are sll.
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 Example:
• When you stand in a classroom waing for the teacher, your body is not moving —
that’s stac posture.
• When you sit in a chair and study, that’s also stac posture.
󹻁 Types of Stac Posture:
Let’s break stac posture further into three common types:
a) Standing Posture
This is how we stand.
󷃆󼽢 Good Standing Posture:
• Head straight
• Shoulders relaxed
• Back straight
Easy2Siksha.com
• Weight equally balanced on both feet
• Knees straight, not locked
󽅂 Bad Standing Posture:
• Head forward
• Rounded shoulders
• Belly scking out
• Standing more on one leg
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 Example: When you stand in a line for school assembly with a straight back, it’s good
posture. But if you lean on one leg and look down, it’s poor posture.
b) Sing Posture
This is how we sit.
󷃆󼽢 Good Sing Posture:
• Back straight
• Feet at on the ground
• Knees at 90-degree angle
• Shoulders relaxed
• No slouching
󽅂 Bad Sing Posture:
• Slouching forward
• Bending the back
• Crossing legs for long me
• Sing without back support
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 Example: When you sit at your study table with your back supported and feet on the
oor, it’s a good sing posture. But if you sit on the bed with a curved spine, that’s bad
posture.
c) Lying Posture
This is how we lie down to rest or sleep.
󷃆󼽢 Good Lying Posture:
Easy2Siksha.com
• Sleeping on your back with a pillow under knees
• Sleeping on your side with a pillow between legs
󽅂 Bad Lying Posture:
• Sleeping on your stomach (puts pressure on back and neck)
• Using too many pillows or no pillow at all
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 Example: If you sleep on your back with one pillow under your head and another
under your knees, your spine stays straight — that’s a healthy lying posture.
2. 󺤍󺤟󺤏󺤐󺤑󺤒󺤓󺤔󺤕󺤖󺤠󺤡󺤢󺤣󺤤󺤥󺤦󺤧󺤨 Dynamic Posture
Dynamic posture refers to the posion and movement of the body while we are acve or
moving.
It includes:
• Walking
• Running
• Bending
• Liing objects
• Exercising
In simple words, dynamic posture is how we move our body during daily acvies.
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 Example:
• When you walk to your school with a straight back and look ahead, you’re using good
dynamic posture.
• But if you look down at your phone and walk with a bent neck, that’s bad dynamic
posture.
󹻁 Tips for Good Dynamic Posture:
1. Walking
󷃆󼽢 Keep your head up, back straight, and shoulders relaxed.
󽅂 Don’t look down or drag your feet.
2. Running
󷃆󼽢 Keep arms close to your body and shoulders relaxed.
󽅂 Don’t hunch your back.
Easy2Siksha.com
3. Liing Objects
󷃆󼽢 Bend your knees, not your back.
󽅂 Don’t li heavy items by bending forward from the waist.
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 Example: When you bend down to pick up your school bag, do it by bending your knees
and keeping your back straight — that’s correct dynamic posture.
󷃆󼽢 Summary Chart
Type of
Posture
Descripon
Example
Stac Posture
Body posion when not moving
Sing straight in a chair
Standing
Posture
Standing with straight spine,
balanced weight
Standing in school assembly
Sing Posture
Sing with back supported and feet
at
Sing at a study desk
Lying Posture
Sleeping on back/side with proper
support
Lying with a pillow under knees
Dynamic
Posture
Body posion during movement
Walking with head up and
straight back
󷃆󼽢 Final Thoughts
Posture may seem like a small thing, but it plays a big role in our health. Good posture keeps
our body aligned, avoids pain, and even improves our condence.
6. Explain the causes and correcve exercise of spinal foot and knock knees in detail.
Ans: 󷃆󼽢 Introducon
Many people, especially students and growing children, may suer from problems related to
the bones and joints, especially in the spine and legs. These problems can cause discomfort,
bad posture, pain, and diculty in movement. Three common condions are:
1. Spinal Deformies
2. Flat Foot (also called Flat Feet)
3. Knock Knees
Let us understand what these are, why they happen, and what simple exercises can help in
improving them.
Easy2Siksha.com
󷃆󷃊 Spinal Deformies
The spine is the backbone of our body. It helps us stand straight, bend, walk, and support
our whole body weight.
There are three common spinal deformies:
(a) Kyphosis – Hunchback
• In this condion, the upper back becomes too rounded.
• The person looks like they are bending forward or hunching.
• Seen especially in people who sit for long hours with poor posture.
󹻂 Causes:
• Sing in a bent posture while studying or using phones.
• Carrying heavy school bags.
• Weak back muscles.
• Spinal diseases or injuries.
• Nutrional deciency (e.g., lack of calcium or vitamin D).
󹻂 Example:
Imagine a student who always sits with his back bent forward while using a mobile phone —
over me, this posture becomes permanent, and he starts developing kyphosis.
󹻂 Correcve Exercises:
1. Wall Test: Stand straight with back, head, and heels touching a wall. Pracce standing
like this for a few minutes daily.
2. Bhujangasana (Cobra Pose): Lie on your stomach, li your chest while keeping hands
on the ground.
3. Back extension exercise: Lie on your stomach and try to li your chest and legs
slightly.
4. Shoulder blade squeeze: Sit or stand straight, and squeeze your shoulder blades
together for 5–10 seconds.
(b) Lordosis – Hollow Back
• In this condion, there is an extra curve in the lower back (inward).
• The stomach scks out, and the back looks arched more than normal.
Easy2Siksha.com
󹻂 Causes:
• Weak abdominal (stomach) muscles.
• Obesity (excess belly fat pulls the spine forward).
• Lack of physical acvity.
• Sing with a curved lower back.
󹻂 Example:
A person who sits all day without exercise and eats unhealthy food may gain weight around
the stomach and develop lordosis.
󹻂 Correcve Exercises:
1. Pelvic lt: Lie on your back with knees bent. Push your back against the oor by
ghtening your stomach.
2. Leg raises: Lie down and li legs slowly to strengthen abdominal muscles.
3. Crunches: Strengthen the stomach muscles.
4. Plank: Hold a body push-up posion for 20–30 seconds to improve core strength.
(c) Scoliosis – Sideways Curved Spine
• The spine bends to the le or right, making the body look uneven.
• One shoulder may look higher than the other.
󹻂 Causes:
• Poor posture.
• Uneven muscle development.
• Congenital (from birth).
• Carrying heavy loads on one shoulder (like a bag).
󹻂 Example:
A student who always carries a heavy bag on one shoulder might start developing scoliosis.
󹻂 Correcve Exercises:
1. Side stretches: Stand and bend sideways to stretch spine.
2. Cat-Cow yoga pose: Good for spine exibility.
3. Back press against wall: Stand straight against the wall for posture correcon.
Easy2Siksha.com
4. Superman pose: Lie on stomach and li arms and legs together.
󷃆󷃋 Flat Foot (Flat Feet)
Normally, the boom of our foot has an arch (a slight curve). In at foot, this arch is missing,
and the enre foot touches the ground.
This can cause:
• Pain while walking or running.
• Diculty in standing for a long me.
• Wearing out shoes unevenly.
󹻂 Causes:
• Heredity (from parents).
• Weak foot muscles.
• Obesity.
• Standing or walking a lot without proper footwear.
• Not walking barefoot during childhood.
󹻂 Example:
If a child always wears shoes and never walks barefoot, their foot muscles may not develop
properly, leading to at feet.
󹻂 How to Check:
Ask the person to stand on a wet surface and then walk on dry ground. If the full footprint is
seen, it means they may have at feet.
󹻂 Correcve Exercises:
1. Toe curls: Try to pick up a towel or small object with your toes.
2. Heel raises: Stand and li your heels, standing on your toes. Hold for 5 seconds.
3. Arch lis: Try to raise only the middle part of your foot.
4. Walk barefoot on sand or so grass: Strengthens foot muscles.
5. Roll a bole under the foot: Helps stretch the foot arch.
󷃆󷃌 Knock Knees
Easy2Siksha.com
This is a condion where knees touch each other even when the ankles are apart. The legs
form an “X” shape.
It can aect walking style and cause pain in knees or hips.
󹻂 Causes:
• Poor posture in childhood.
• Weak leg muscles.
• Obesity.
• Lack of calcium and vitamin D.
• Genec reasons.
• Standing with knees pressed inward.
󹻂 Example:
A young child with poor nutrion and weak leg muscles may start walking with knees bent
inward — this can become knock knees over me.
󹻂 How to Check:
Ask the person to stand straight with feet together. If the knees touch but ankles stay apart,
it may be knock knees.
󹻂 Correcve Exercises:
1. Buery stretch: Sit down, put soles of feet together, and ap the knees up and
down.
2. Leg presses using resistance band: Strengthens leg muscles.
3. Side-lying leg raises: Lie on your side and li the upper leg.
4. Horse riding posture: Sing like on a horse helps widen knee space.
5. Walking with a pillow between knees: Encourages proper alignment.
󹹔󹹕󹹖󹹗 Conclusion
Spinal deformies, at foot, and knock knees are common condions that can aect body
structure, movement, and comfort. These problems are oen caused by poor posture, lack
of exercise, or weak muscles.
The good news is — many of these can be corrected or improved with:
• Early idencaon
• Simple daily exercises
Easy2Siksha.com
• Good nutrion
• Correct posture habits
Think of your body like a plant. If it is growing in the wrong direcon, we need to support it
gently and regularly with good care so that it grows straight and strong.
SECTION-D
7. Write down the meaning of load. Explain types of load in detail.
Ans: 󷃆󼽢 Introducon: What is Load?
In simple words, load means the external force that is applied to any object, especially a
structure or a mechanical system like a building, bridge, machine, or electrical system. When
we say "load," we are talking about how much force or weight a structure or part has to
carry, resist, or support.
For example:
• If you sit on a chair, your body weight is the load on the chair.
• When cars drive on a bridge, the weight of the cars is the load acng on the bridge.
• In electrical terms, when you plug a fan into a socket, the fan is called an electrical
load, because it draws power from the source.
So, a load is anything that applies force or pressure on a structure, machine, or system.
󷃆󼽢 Why is Load Important to Study?
Understanding loads is very important in:
• Engineering (to design safe structures like buildings, bridges, etc.)
• Mechanical systems (to make strong machines)
• Electrical systems (to manage power and avoid overloads)
If engineers do not calculate the load correctly, the structure or system can break or fail,
which can be very dangerous.
Easy2Siksha.com
󷃆󼽢 Types of Load
Let’s now understand the dierent types of load in detail. Loads can be classied in various
ways depending on the type of system.
We will study:
1. Types of Load in Civil/Structural Engineering
2. Types of Load in Electrical Engineering
3. Types of Load in Mechanical Systems
󷧺󷧻󷧼󷧽󷨀󷧾󷧿 1. Types of Load in Civil/Structural Engineering
These are the loads that act on buildings, bridges, towers, dams, etc.
󹻁 a) Dead Load
• These are the permanent, xed loads.
• It includes the weight of the structure itself, such as walls, roofs, beams, oors, etc.
• These loads do not change with me.
Example:
The weight of a concrete roof is a dead load because it is always there.
󹻁 b) Live Load
• These are the temporary or movable loads.
• They change depending on how the structure is used.
• Includes people, furniture, vehicles, etc.
Example:
People walking on a staircase — their weight is a live load because it comes and goes.
󹻁 c) Wind Load
• This load comes from the pressure of wind on a structure.
• It aects tall buildings, towers, chimneys, etc.
Example:
A tall building facing strong winds must be designed to handle wind load to avoid falling.
󹻁 d) Snow Load
• In cold regions, snow gets collected on roofs.
• The weight of this snow is considered a load.
Easy2Siksha.com
Example:
If a roof in Shimla collects 1 foot of snow, that snow acts as a snow load.
󹻁 e) Earthquake Load (Seismic Load)
• This load is generated during an earthquake.
• The shaking of the ground applies force on the base and structure.
Example:
A building in Delhi should be designed to resist seismic load if there's an earthquake.
󹻁 f) Thermal Load
• Caused by temperature changes (heat or cold).
• Materials expand or contract and create internal stress.
Example:
Bridges have expansion joints because metals expand in summer and contract in winter —
that’s thermal load.
󹸪󹸫󹸬 2. Types of Load in Electrical Engineering
In electrical systems, a load means a device that consumes electrical power.
󹻁 a) Resisve Load
• These devices convert electricity into heat or light.
• The current and voltage are in the same phase.
Examples:
• Electric iron
• Heater
• Incandescent bulb
󹻁 b) Inducve Load
• These devices have coils or motors.
• They create a magnec eld when electricity ows.
Examples:
• Fans
• Transformers
• Motors
Easy2Siksha.com
• Washing machines
󹻁 c) Capacive Load
• These store energy in an electric eld.
• Less common in household devices but used in special machines.
Examples:
• Capacitor banks
• Some types of AC circuits
󼿝󼿞󼿟 3. Types of Load in Mechanical Engineering
In mechanical systems (machines, beams, etc.), loads are based on how forces act on an
object.
󹻁 a) Tensile Load
• Force that pulls or stretches a material.
Example:
Pulling a rubber band — your force creates a tensile load.
󹻁 b) Compressive Load
• Force that pushes or compresses a material.
Example:
Standing on a soda can — your weight creates a compressive load on the can.
󹻁 c) Shear Load
• Force that tries to slide one part of the material over the other.
Example:
Cung a paper with scissors — the force of the blades is a shear load.
󹻁 d) Torsional Load
• Force that twists an object.
Example:
Twisng a wet cloth to remove water — you apply torsional load.
󹻁 e) Bending Load
• When a force causes an object to bend.
Example:
A bench with someone sing in the middle bends due to bending load.
Easy2Siksha.com
󷃆󼽢 Summary Chart for Quick Revision
Type of Load
Example
Dead Load
Weight of walls, oors
Live Load
People, furniture
Wind Load
Air pressure on buildings
Snow Load
Snow weight on roof
Earthquake Load
Shaking during earthquake
Thermal Load
Expansion due to heat
Resisve Load
Electric iron, bulb
Inducve Load
Fans, motors
Capacive Load
Capacitor circuits
Tensile Load
Pulling a rope
Compressive Load
Pressing a box
Shear Load
Scissors cung paper
Torsional Load
Twisng a rod
Bending Load
Sing on a wooden sck
󷃆󼽢 Conclusion
In simple words, a load is a force or pressure applied to a structure, system, or machine.
Understanding dierent types of loads helps engineers and designers create safe, strong,
and stable buildings, bridges, machines, and electrical devices.
By using simple examples from our daily life like chairs, fans, or clothes, we can understand
how loads work. Whether it is a civil, electrical, or mechanical system, load analysis is a basic
and very important concept in engineering.
8. Write down the aim of sports training. Explain principles of sports training.
Ans: 󷟽󷟾󷟿󷠀󷠁󷠂 What is the Aim of Sports Training?
The aim of sports training is to improve the overall performance of an athlete or player.
Sports training is not just about playing a game repeatedly — it’s a scienc and planned
process to increase strength, stamina, skill, speed, and mental tness.
Easy2Siksha.com
Imagine a cricketer who can hit the ball well but runs out of energy aer 30 minutes. Or a
runner who is fast but cannot maintain the same speed for more than 200 meters. Sports
training helps x such problems by focusing on all aspects of physical and mental tness.
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬 Main Aims of Sports Training:
1. Improve Physical Fitness
o Like improving strength, exibility, endurance, and coordinaon.
o Example: A basketball player jumps higher by doing leg exercises.
2. Improve Technical Skills
o Learning and perfecng the techniques of the sport.
o Example: A footballer learns how to dribble and pass correctly.
3. Improve Taccal Skills
o Learning game strategies and decision-making.
o Example: A chess player or a footballer improves game planning.
4. Improve Psychological Aspects
o Developing mental strength, condence, paence, and focus.
o Example: A shooter staying calm and focused during compeons.
5. Improve Performance in Compeons
o To prepare the player to perform best during real matches or tournaments.
6. Prevent Injuries
o Well-planned training makes muscles and joints stronger, reducing the risk of
injury.
7. Develop a Healthy Lifestyle
o It encourages discipline, healthy habits, me management, and self-
condence.
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 Principles of Sports Training
The principles of sports training are like the rules or guidelines that help coaches and
athletes plan training in a way that gives the best results. Without these principles, training
can become harmful, boring, or useless.
Let’s explain each principle with simple examples so it’s easy to understand.
Easy2Siksha.com
󺭨 1. Principle of Individuality
Every athlete is dierent. Training should be based on the person’s age, body type, tness
level, and goals.
Example:
Two players are in the same team. One is a fast runner but weak in upper body strength. The
other is strong but slow. Both need dierent training plans.
󺭨 2. Principle of Specicity
Training should be specic to the sport and skill you want to improve.
Example:
A swimmer should pracce swimming, not just running. A volleyball player should do
jumping and hand coordinaon drills.
󺭨 3. Principle of Overload
To improve, the body must be challenged by doing a lile more than usual. But it should be
done slowly and carefully.
Example:
If a runner runs 1 km every day, he should slowly increase to 1.2 km, then 1.5 km, and so on
to build stamina.
󺭨 4. Principle of Progression
The increase in training (intensity, duraon, or diculty) should be gradual. If you do too
much too soon, it can cause injury.
Example:
A new gym trainee should start with light weights and increase them week by week.
󺭨 5. Principle of Variety
Doing the same exercises every day becomes boring and less eecve. Changing the training
roune keeps the body and mind acve.
Example:
A hockey player may do gym, running, cycling, and pracce matches in dierent sessions.
Easy2Siksha.com
󺭨 6. Principle of Recovery (Rest)
Rest is very important. Muscles need me to heal and grow. Without proper rest, there is a
risk of overtraining and injuries.
Example:
Aer a match or hard workout, a day of rest or light acvity helps in recovery.
󺭨 7. Principle of Reversibility
If you stop training, the progress and tness gained will start to reduce.
Example:
A boxer who stops training for a month may lose stamina and muscle tone. That’s why
regular training is important.
󺭨 8. Principle of Periodizaon
Training should be divided into phases — each with dierent goals, like pre-season,
compeon season, and o-season.
Example:
A sprinter may focus on building strength in the o-season, speed during the season, and
rest aer compeons.
󺭨 9. Principle of Connuity (Regularity)
Training should be consistent. One or two days of training in a week won’t give good results.
Regular eort gives the best performance.
Example:
Just like regular study is needed to score well in exams, regular pracce is needed in sports.
󺭨 10. Principle of Goal Seng
Training becomes more eecve when the athlete has clear, realisc goals.
Example:
A javelin thrower sets a goal to increase throwing distance by 5 meters in 3 months and
works towards it with a plan.
Easy2Siksha.com
󽄡󽄢󽄣󽄤󽄥󽄦 Conclusion
The aim of sports training is to make an athlete beer in every way — physically, technically,
mentally, and emoonally. But to get these results, training must be scienc, systemac,
and based on the right principles.
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educaonal purposes. If you noce any mistakes or
have suggesons, feel free to share your feedback.”